Shortcuts Keys


Windows Shortcut Keys

  • Windows Key + R: Opens the Run menu.
  • Windows Key + E: Opens Explorer.
  • Alt + Tab: Switch between open programs.
  • Windows Key + Up Arrow: Maximize current window.
  • Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Open Task Manager.
  • Windows Key + Break: Opens system properties.
  • Windows Key + F: Opens search for files and folders.
  • Windows Key + D: Hide/display the desktop.
  • Alt + Esc: Switch between programs in order they were opened.
  • Alt + Letter: Select menu item by underlined letter.
  • Ctrl + Esc: Open Start menu.
  • Ctrl + F4: Close active document (does not work with some applications).
  • Alt + F4: Quit active application or close current window.
  • Alt + Spacebar: Open menu for active program.
  • Ctrl + Left or Right Arrow: Move cursor forward or back one word.
  • Ctrl + Up or Down Arrow: Move cursor forward or back one paragraph.
  • F1: Open Help menu for active application.
  • Windows Key + M: Minimize all windows.
  • Shift + Windows Key + M: Restore windows that were minimized with previous keystroke.
  • Windows + F1: Open Windows Help and Support.
  • Windows + Tab: Open Task view.
  • Windows + Break: Open the System Properties dialog box.
  • Hold Right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Switch FilterKeys on and off.
  • Left Alt + Left Shift + Print Screen: Switch High Contrast on and off.
  • Left Alt + Left Shift + Num Lock: Switch Mouse keys on and off.
  • Press Shift five times: Switch Sticky keys on and off.
  • Hold Num Lock for five seconds: Switch Toggle keys on and off.

Internet Explorer Shortcut Keys


  • Alt + Left Arrow/Backspace: Go back to the previous page.
  • Alt + Right Arrow: Go to next page.
  • F5: Refresh page.
  • F11: Toggle between full-screen and regular view.
  • Esc: Stop downloading a page.
  • Ctrl + ( + or -): Zoom in or out of page by 10%.
  • Ctrl + Enter: Adds www. at the beginning and .com to the end of any text entered in the Address bar.
  • Ctrl + D: Add the current site to your favorites.
  • Ctrl + I: View your favorites.
  • Ctrl + N: Open a new window.
  • Ctrl + P: Print the current page.
  • Ctrl + T: Open a new tab.
  • Ctrl + F4: Closes tabs in the background.
  • Ctrl + Tab: Switch between tabs.
  • Spacebar: Click the notification bar.
  • Shift + Spacebar: Move up one page.
  • Alt + Down Arrow: Move a selected item down the favorites list.

Windows System Commands


  • Type the following commands in your Run dialogue box (Windows Key + R) to run specific programs.
  • devmgmt.msc: Device Manager
  • msinfo32: System Information
  • cleanmgr: Disk Cleanup
  • ntbackup: Backup or restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
  • mmc: Microsoft Management Console
  • excel: Microsoft Excel (if installed)
  • msaccess: Microsoft Access (if installed)
  • powerpnt: Microsoft PowerPoint (if installed)
  • winword: Microsoft Word (if installed)
  • frontpg: Microsoft FrontPage (if installed)
  • notepad: Notepad
  • wordpad: WordPad
  • calc: Calculator
  • msmsgs: Windows Messenger
  • mspaint: Microsoft Paint
  • wmplayer: Windows Media Player
  • rstrui: System restore
  • control: Opens the Control Panel
  • control printers: Opens the printers dialogue box
  • cmd: Command Prompt
  • iexplore: Internet Explorer
  • compmgmt.msc: Computer Management
  • dhcpmgmt.msc: DHCP Management
  • dnsmgmt.msc: DNS Management
  • services.msc: Services
  • eventvwr: Event Viewer
  • dsa.msc: Active Directory Users and Computers
  • dssite.msc: Active Directory Sites and Services
  • inetcpl.cpl: Internet Properties

Basic UNIX/Linux commands

UNIX/Linux is case-sensitive.

Files

  • ls: If you want to see the list of files on your UNIX or Linux system
  • ls -r : to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories 
  • ls -l: lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
  • ls -a : lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot ( hidden ) 
  • ls -al : gives detailed information of the files. The command provides information in a columnar format. The columns contain the following information

Create/View/Delete files

  • cat filename: to view file.
  • cat file 1 file 2 > newFileName : to combine two files.
  • emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. See the emacs page.
  • mv filename1 filename2 --- moves a file (i.e. gives it a different name, or moves it into a different directory ( mv filename1 new_file_location)
  • cp filename1 filename2 --- copies a file
  • rm filename --- removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm -i, which will ask you for confirmation before actually deleting anything. You can make this your default by making an alias in your .cshrc file.
  • diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
  • wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
  • chmod options filename --- lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files. The default is that only you can look at them and change them, but you may sometimes want to change these permissions. For example, chmod o+r filename will make the file readable for everyone, and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others again. Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need to be at least executable. See help protection for more details.

File Compression

  • gzip filename --- compresses files, Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
  • gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
  • gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c)
Directories


  • mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
  • cd dirname --- change directory. 
  • pwd --- tells you where you currently are.
Finding things


  • ff --- find files anywhere on the system. 
  • grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. 
About other people

  • w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
  • who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
  • finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
  • last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
  • talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
  • write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
  • elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page, and find out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).
About your (electronic) self

  • whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
  • passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
  • ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. 
  • kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. 
  • quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer)
  • du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
  • last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.
Connecting to the outside world

  • rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
  • telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
  • ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
  • lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.
Miscellaneous tools

  • date --- shows the current date and time.
  • cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year.

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